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Publications of the Hartzell Lab last updated October 30, 2008. Hartzell, H.C. CaCl-ing channels get the last laugh. Science 322, 534-535 (2008). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Chloride Channels: An historical perspective. In Physiology and Pathology of Chloride Transporters and Channels in the Nervous System: From Molecules to Diseases" F. Alvarez-Leefmans and E. Delpire, editors. 2009. Yu K, Xiao Q, Cui G, Lee A, Hartzell HC. The best disease-linked Cl^- channel hBest1 regulates Ca_V 1.3 (L-type) Ca²⁺ channels via src-homology-binding domains. J Neurosci. 28:5660-70 (2008). pdf Chien, L-T. and H.C. Hartzell. Rescue of Volume-Regulated Anion Current by Bestrophin Mutants with Altered Charge Selectivity. J. Gen. Physiol. 132, 537-546 (2008). pdf Xiao, Q., A. Prussia, K. Yu, Y.Y. Cui, and H.C. Hartzell. Regulation of Bestrophin Cl Channels by Calcium: Role of the C-terminus. J. Gen. Physiol. 000, 000 (2008). Qu, Z. and H.C. Hartzell. Bestrophin Cl^- Channels are Highly Permeable to HCO₃^-. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294:C1371-7 (2008). pdf Bakall, B., P. McLaughlin, J.B. Stanton, H.C. Hartzell, L.Y. Marmorstein, and A.D. Marmorstein. Bestrophin-2 is involved in the generation of intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49: 1563-1570 (2008). pdf Hartzell, H.C., Z. Qu, K. Yu, Q. Xiao, L.T. Chien. Molecular Physiology of Bestrophins: A Family of Multi-functional Chloride Channels Linked to Macular Degeneration. Physiological Reviews 88, 639-672 (2008). pdf. Hartzell, H.C. The stress of relaxation. Science 317, 1331-1332 (2007). pdf Chien, L.T., and H. C. Hartzell. *Drosophila* Bestrophin-1 Chloride Current Is Dually Regulated by Calcium and Cell Volume. J. Gen. Physiol. 130, 513-534 (2007). pdf Yu, K., Z. Qu, Y. Cui, and H. C. Hartzell. Chloride Channel Activity of Bestrophin Mutants Associated with Mild or Late-Onset Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48, 4694-4705 (2007). pdf Qu, Z., K. Yu, Y. Cui, C. Ying, and Criss Hartzell. Activation of Bestrophin Cl Channels is Regulated by C-terminal Domains. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17460-17467 (2007). pdf Marchant , D., K. Yu , K. Bigot, O. Roche, A. Germain, D. Bonneau, V. Drouin-Garraud, D. F. Schorderet, D. Schmidt, P. Le Neindre, C. Marsac, M. Menasche, J.L. Dufier, R. Fischmeister, H. C. Hartzell and M. Abitbol. New VMD2 gene mutations identified in patients affected by Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy. Journal of Medical Genetics 2007 Mar;44(3):e70. Epub 2007 Feb 7. pdf Chien, L.T., Zhi-Ren Zhang, and H. Criss Hartzell. Single Cl Channels Activated by Ca in Drosophila S2 Cells Are Mediated By Bestrophins. Journal of General Physiology 128, 247 – 259 (2006). Featured on the cover of the September issue. pdf Yu, K., Yuanyuan Cui, and H. Criss Hartzell. The Bestrophin Mutation A243V Linked to Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Impairs Its Chloride Channel Function. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences 49, 56 – 61 (2006). pdf Qu, Z., Chien, L-T., Cui, Y., and H. C. Hartzell. The anion-selective pore of the bestrophins, a family of chloride channels associated with retinal degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 5411 - 5419 (2006). pdf Qu, Z., Y. Cui, C. Hartzell. A short motif in the C-terminus of mouse bestrophin-4 inhibits its activation as a Cl channel. FEBS Lett. 580, 2141-2146 (2006). pdf Hartzell, H.C., Z. Qu, I. Putzier, L. Artinian, L.T. Chien, and Y. Cui. Looking Cl Channels Straight in the Eye: Bestrophins,l Lipofuscinosis, and Retinal Degneraton. Physiology (Bethesda) 20, 292-302 (2005). pdf Hartzell, H.C., I. Putzier, and J. Arreola. Calcium-activated chloride channels. Annual Reviews of Physiology 67, 719-758 (2005). pdf Fischmeister, R. and H. C. Hartzell. Volume sensitivity of the bestrophin family of chloride channels. Journal of Physiology 562, 477-491 (2005). pdf Qu, Z. and H. C. Hartzell. Determinants of anion permeation in the second transmembrane domain of the mouse bestrophin-2 chloride channel. Journal of General Physiology 124, 371-382 (2004). pdf Qu, Z., Fischmeister, R., and H.C. Hartzell. Mouse bestrophin-2 is a bona fide Cl channel: identification of a residue important in anion binding and conduction. Journal of General Physiology 123, 327-340 (2004). pdf Faundez,V. and H.C. Hartzell. Intracellular Chloride Channels: Determinants of Function in the Endosomal Pathway. Science STKE. Vol. 2004, Issue 233, pp. re8, 18 May 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/stke.2332004re8]. pdf Qu. Z., R.W. Wei, W. Mann, and H.C. Hartzell. Two bestrophins cloned from Xenopus laevis oocytes express Ca-activated Cl currents. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 49563-49572 (2003). pdf Zhang, Y.M., L. Shang, H.C. Hartzell, M. Narlow, L. Cribbs, and S.C. Dudley. Characterization and regulation of T-type Ca²⁺ channels in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285: H2770 - 2779 (2003). pdf Qu, Z. R. Wei, and H.C. Hartzell. Characterization of Ca²⁺-activated Cl^- Currents in Mouse Kidney Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells. American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiol 285, F326-F335 (2003). pdf Hartzell, H.C., and Z. Qu. Chloride currents in acutely isolated Xenopus retinal pigment epithelial cells. Journal of Physiology 549.2, 453-469 (2003). pdf Hartzell, H.C., Z. Qu, K. Machaca, and N. McCarty. The endogenous Ca²⁺-activated Cl Channel in Xenopus oocytes. p3 - 39 in: Ca²⁺-activated Cl channels: Current Topics in Biomembranes Vol. 53. C.M. Fuller (ed.) Academic Press, New York. (2002). pdf Zhang, Y.M., Hartzell, C., Narlow, M., Dudley, S.C. Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes Demonstrate Arrhythmic Potential. Circulation.106:1294-1299 (2002). pdf Hartzell, H.C., and Katz, A.M. Regulation of Cardiac Ion Channels and Transporters. Chapter 5 in Foundations of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Basic concepts and fundamental approaches. P.M. Spooner and M.R. Rosen (eds). pp 97-119. Marcel Dekker, New York (2001) Qu, Z. and H.C. Hartzell. Functional geometry of the permeation pathway of Ca-activated Cl channels inferred from analysis of voltage-dependent block. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 18423-18429 (2001). pdf Qu, Z. and H.C. Hartzell. Anion permeation in Ca²⁺-activated Cl^-channels. Journal of General Physiology 116, 825-844 (2000). pdf Kuruma, A., Y. Hirayama, and H. C. Hartzell. A hyperpolarization- and acid-activated non-selective cation current in Xenopus oocytes. American Journal of Physiology, Cell 279: C1401-C1413 (2000). pdf Kuruma, A. and H.C. Hartzell. Bimodal control of a Ca²⁺-activated Cl channel by different Ca²⁺ signals. Journal of General Physiology 115, 59-80 (2000). pdf Machaca, K. and H.C. Hartzell. Adenophostin A and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate differentially activate Cl currents in Xenopus oocytes due to disparate Ca release kinetics. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 4824-4831 (1999). pdf Kuruma, A. and H.C. Hartzell. Dynamics of regulation of Cl currents in Xenopus oocytes. American Journal of Physiology 276 (Cell Physiol.45), C161-C175 (1999). pdf Machaca, K. and H.C. Hartzell. Reversible Ca gradients between the sub-plasmalemma and cytosol differentially activate two distinct Cl channel effectors. Journal of General Physiology 113: 249-266 (1999). pdf Apparsundaram,S., Galli, A.,DeFelice, L.J., Hartzell, H.C., and Blakely, R.D. Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: I. PKC-linked muscarinic receptors influence transport capacity and transporter density in SK-N-SH cells. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics. 287: 733-43, 1998. pdf Hartzell, H.C. and Machaca, K. Asymmetrical distribution of Ca-activated Cl channels in Xenopus oocytes. Biophysical Journal 74, 1286-1295 (1998). pdf Hirayama, Y. and Hartzell, H.C. Effects of protein phosphatase and kinase inhibitors on the cardiac Ca and Cl currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Molecular Pharmacology 52, 725-734 (1997). pdf Apparsundaram, S., Moore, K.R., Malone, M.D., Hartzell, H.C., and Blakely, R.D. Molecular cloning and charcterization of an l-epinephrine transporter from sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 2691-2702 (1997). pdf Hartzell, H.C., K. Machaca, and Y. Hirayama. Effects of Adenophostin-A and IP₃ on Cl currents in Xenopus oocytes. Molecular Pharmacology 51, 683-692 (1997). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Overview: channels and channel proteins. in Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of cardiac ion channels and transporters. M. Morad, S. Ebashi, W. Trautwein, Y Kurachi (eds.). Kluwer (1997) Hartzell, H.C. Activation of different Cl currents in Xenopus oocytes by Ca liberated from stores and by capacitative Ca influx. Journal of General Physiology 108, 1-19 (1996). pdf Petit-Jacques, J. and Hartzell, H.C. Effect of arachidonic acid on the L-type calcium current in frog cardiac myocytes. Journal of Physiology 493, 67-81 (1996). Hartzell, H.C. and Rinderknecht, A. Calphostin C, a widely-used inhibitor of protein kinase C, potently inhibits L-type Ca channels by a mechanism that does not involve protein kinase C. American Journal of Physiology 270, C1293-C1299 (1996). Méry, P-F., L. Hove-Madsen, J.-M. Chesnais, H.C. Hartzell, R. Fischmeister. Nitric oxide synthase does not participate in the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine in the frog heart. American Journal of Physiology 270, H1178-H1188 (1996). Hartzell, H.C., Y. Hirayama, J. Petit-Jacques. Effects of protein phosphatase and kinase inhibitors on the cardiac L-type Ca current suggest two sites are phosphorylated by protein kinase A and another protein kinase. Journal of General Physiology 106, 393-414 (1995). pdf Blakely, R.D., DeFelice, L.J., and Hartzell, H.C. Molecular physiology of norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Journal of Experimental Biology 196, 263-281 (1994). Akita, T., Joyner, R.W., Lu, C., Kumar, R., Hartzell, H.C. Developmental changes in modulation of calcium currents of rabbit ventricular cells by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Circulation 90, 469-478 (1994). Kumar, R., Joyner, R.W., Hartzell, H.C., Ellingsen, D., Rishi, F., Eaton, D.C., Lu, C. and Akita, T. Postnatal changes in the G-proteins, cyclic nucleotides and adenylyl cyclase activity in rabbit heart cells. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 26, 1537-1550 (1994). Quarmby, L.M. & H.C. Hartzell. Molecular Biology of G proteins and their role in cardiac excitability. in Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside; 2nd edition. D.P. Zipes and J. Jalife, eds. Saunders (1994). Quarmby, L.M. and Hartzell, H.C. Dissection of eukaryotic transmembrane signalling using Chlamydomonas. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 15, 343-349 (1994). Quarmby, L.M., and Hartzell, H.C. Two distinct calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways can trigger deflagellation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Cell Biology 124, 807-815 (1994). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Filling the gaps in Ca channel regulation. Biophysical Journal 65, 1358-1359 (1993). Frace, A.M., and Hartzell, H.C. Opposite effects of phosphatase inhibitors on I_Ca and I_K in frog cardiac myocytes. Journal of Physiology 472, 305-326 (1993). Méry, P.-F., Frace, A.M., Hartzell, H.C., and Fischmeister, R. A comparative analysis of the time course of cardiac Ca²⁺ current response to rapid applications of b-adrenergic and dihydropyridine agonists. Nauyn-Schmeideberg's Archives of Pharmacology 348, 197-206 (1993). Hartzell, L.B., Hartzell, H.C., L. M. Quarmby. Mechanisms of flagellar excision: role of intracellular acidification. Experimental Cell Research 208, 148-153 (1993). Parsons, T.D. and Hartzell, H.C. Regulation of the Ca²⁺ current in frog ventricular cardiomyocytes by guanosine 5'-triphosphate analogs and isoproterenol. Journal of General Physiology 102, 525-549 (1993). pdf Hartzell, H.C. and Duchatelle-Gourdon, I. Regulation of the cardiac delayed rectifier K current by neurotransmitters and magnesium. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 7, 547-554 (1993). Frace, A.M., Méry, P.-F., Fischmeister, R., and Hartzell, H.C. Rate-limiting steps in the b-adrenergic stimulation of calcium current. Journal of General Physiology 101, 337-353 (1993). pdf Duchatelle-Gourdon, I., and H. C. Hartzell. Neural regulation of the cardiac calcium channel. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 3, 567-578 (1992). Hartzell, H.C. & Fischmeister, R. Direct regulation of cardiac Ca channels by G proteins: neither proven nor necessary? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13, 380-385 (1992). Hartzell, H.C. and Budnitz, D. Differences in effects of forskolin and an analog on calcium currents in cardiac myocytes suggests intra- and extra- cellular sites of action. Molecular Pharmacology 41, 880-888 (1992). Fischmeister, R., Mery, P.-F., Hartzell, H.C., & Szabo, G. Participation of a fast G protein pathway in the b-adrenergic regulation of cardiac calcium channels: neither proven nor needed. in Intracellular Regulation of Ion Channels, ed. M. Morad, Springer-Verlag 1992. Hartzell, H.C., Méry, P.-F., Fischmeister, R. & Szabo, G. Channel control. Nature 354, 363-364 (1992). Hartzell, H.C., Méry, P.-F., Fischmeister, R. & Szabo, G. Sympathetic regulation of cardiac calcium current is due exclusively to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Nature 351, 573-576 (1991). Fischmeister, R. & H.C. Hartzell. Mini-review. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases and Ca²⁺ current regulation in cardiac cells. Life Sciences 48, 2365-2376 (1991). Duchatelle‑Gourdon, I., A.A. Lagrutta, & H. C. Hartzell. Effects of Mg²⁺ on basal and b‑adrenergic‑stimulated delayed rectified potassium current in frog atrial myocytes. Journal of Physiology 435, 333-347 (1991). Parsons, T.D., A. A. Lagrutta, R.E. White, & H.C. Hartzell. Regulation of Ca²⁺ current in frog ventricular cardiomyocytes by 5'‑guanylylimidodiphosphate and acetylcholine. Journal of Physiology 432, 593-620 (1991). Hofmann, P.A., H.C. Hartzell, & R.L. Moss. Alterations in Ca²⁺ sensitive tension due to partial extraction of C‑protein from rat skinned cardiac myocytes and rabbit skeletal muscle fibers. Journal of General Physiology 97, 1141-1163 (1991). pdf Fischmeister, R., & H.C. Hartzell. Regulation of calcium current by low‑K_m cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases in cardiac cells. Molecular Pharmacology, 38, 426‑433 (1990). Hartzell, H.C. & R.E. White. Regulation of the voltage‑gated Ca²⁺ current by intracellular free magnesium studied by internal perfusion of single cardiac myocytes. in Magnesium and Excitable Cells, eds. P. Strata and E. Carbone. (1990). pdf Duchatelle‑Gourdon, I., & H.C. Hartzell. Single delayed rectifier channels in frog atrial cells. Effects of b‑adrenergic agonists. Biophysical Journal 57, 903‑909 (1990). Lagrutta, A.A., I. Gourdon & H.C. Hartzell. b‑Adrenergic stimulation of I_K current in frog cardiomyocytes. Regulation of Potassium Transport Across Biological Membranes. L. Reuss, J.M. Russell & G. Szabo, eds. pp 443‑458. University of Texas Press, Autin. (1990). Hartzell, H.C. & R.E. White. Effects of magnesium on inactivation of the voltage‑gated calcium current in cardiac myocytes. Journal of General Physiology. 94, 745‑767 (1989). pdf Duchatelle‑Gourdon, I., A.A. Lagrutta & H.C. Hartzell. Modulation of the delayed rectifier potassium current in frog cardiomyocytes by b‑adrenergic agonists and magnesium. Journal of Physiology 415, 251‑274 (1989). White, R.E. & H.C. Hartzell. Magnesium ions in cardiac function: regulators of ion channels and second messengers. Biochemical Pharmacology 38, 859‑867 (1989). Hartzell, H.C. Regulation of cardiac ion channels by catecholamines, acetylcholine, and second messengers. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 52, 165‑247 (1988). Simmons, M.A. & H.C. Hartzell. Roles of phosphodiesterases in regulation of calcium current in isolated cardiac myocytes. Molecular Pharmacology 33, 664‑671 (1988). Argibay, J.A., R. Fischmeister & H.C. Hartzell. Inactivation, reactivation, and pacing dependence of calcium current in frog cardiocytes: correlation with current density. Journal of Physiology 401, 201‑226 (1988). pdf Hartzell, H.C., M.A. Simmons & R. Fischmeister. Regulation of the trans‑sarcolemmal calcium current in isolated cardiac myocytes by acetylcholine and cyclic GMP. International Symposium on Muscarinic Cholinergic Mechanisms. M. Sokolovsky and S. Cohen, editors. Freund Publishing House, Ltd., London. pp. 149‑159 (1988). Hartzell, H.C. Regulation of cardiac ion channels by catecholamines, acetylcholine, and second messengers. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 52, 165‑247 (1988). White, R.E. & H.C. Hartzell. Effects of intracellular free magnesium on calcium current in isolated cardiac myocytes. Science 239, 778‑780 (1988). pdf Hartzell, H.C. & R. Fischmeister. Effect of forskolin and acetylcholine on calcium current in single isolated cardiac myocytes. Molecular Pharmacology 32, 639‑645 (1987). Hartzell, H.C. & M.A. Simmons. Comparison of effects of acetylcholine on calcium and potassium currents in frog atrium and ventricle. Journal of Physiology 389, 411‑422 (1987). Simmons, M.A. & H.C. Hartzell. A quantitative analysis of the acetylcholine‑activated potassium current in single cells from frog atrium. Pflugers Archiv 409, 454‑461 (1987). Fischmeister, R. & H.C. Hartzell. Guanosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate regulates calcium current in single cells from frog ventricle. Journal of Physiology 387, 453‑472 (1987). Hartzell, H.C. The mechanism of action of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on the heart: role of protein phosphorylation. In Neurobiology of Acetylcholine, N.J. Dun & R.L. Perlman, eds. Plenum Press, N.Y. (1987). Simmons, M.A., T. Creazzo & H.C. Hartzell. A time‑ and voltage‑sensitive potassium current in single cells from frog atrium. Journal of General Physiology 88, 739‑755 (1986). pdf Hartzell, H.C. & R. Fischmeister. Opposite effects of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP on calcium current in single heart cells. Nature 323, 273‑275 (1986). Fischmeister, R. & H.C. Hartzell. Mechanism of action of acetylcholine on calcium current in single cells from frog ventricle. Journal of Physiology 376, 183‑202 (1986). Hartzell, H.C. Effects of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated C‑protein on cardiac actomyosin ATPase. Journal of Molecular Biology 186, 185‑195 (1985). Creazzo, T. & H.C. Hartzell. Reduction of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor number and affinity by an endogenous substance. Journal of Neurochemistry 45, 710‑718 (1985). Hartzell, H.C. & W.S. Sale. Structure of C‑protein from cardiac muscle: electron microscopic examination of low‑angle rotary shadowed C‑protein. Journal of Cell Biology 100, 205‑215 (1985). pdf Creazzo, T., L. Titus & H.C. Hartzell. Neural Regulation of the Heart. Neurotransmitters in Action, D. Bousfield, ed. Elsevier Biomedical Press, N.Y. (1985). Hartzell, H.C. Book review of Protein Phosphorylation in the Nervous System by E. Nestler and P. Greengard. Science 228, 866‑867 (1985). Hartzell, H.C. & D.B. Glass. Phosphorylation of purified cardiac muscle C‑protein by purified cAMP‑dependent and endogenous Ca⁺²‑calmodulin‑dependent protein kinases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 15587‑15596 (1984). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Phosphorylation of C‑protein in intact amphibian cardiac muscle: correlation between ³²P‑incorporation and twitch relaxation. Journal of General Physiology 83, 563‑588 (1984). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Book review of Progress in Cholinergic Biology, Hainin and Goldberg, eds. Trends in Neuroscience 6, 436 (1983). Creazzo, T., L. Titus & H.C. Hartzell. Neural Regulation of the Heart. Trends in Neuroscience 6, 430‑433 (1983). Hartzell, H.C. Physiological consequences of muscarinic receptor activation. More About Receptors; Current Reviews in Biomedicine Vol. 2. J.W. Lamble, ed. Elsevier Biomedical Press, N.Y. (1982). Hartzell, H.C. Physiological consequences of muscarinic receptor activation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 3, 213‑214 (1982). Hartzell, H.C. & L. Titus. Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists on phosphorylation of a 165,000‑dalton myofibrillar protein in intact cardiac muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 2111‑2120 (1982). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Mechanisms of slow postsynaptic potentials. Nature 291, 539‑544 (1981). Hartzell, H.C. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and presynaptic nerve terminals in amphibian heart. Journal of Cell Biology 86, 6‑20 (1980). pdf Hartzell, H.C. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in amphibian cardiac muscle. Nature 278, 569‑571 (1979). Hartzell, H.C. Adenosine receptors in frog sinus venosus: slow inhibitory potentials produced by acetylcholine and adenine compounds. Journal of Physiology 293, 23‑49 (1979). Hartzell, H.C., S.W. Kuffler, R. Stickgold & D. Yoshikami. Synaptic excitation and inhibition resulting from direct action of acetylcholine on two types of chemoreceptors on individual amphibian parasympathetic neurones. Journal of Physiology 271, 817‑846 (1977). Hartzell, H.C., S.W. Kuffler & D. Yoshikami. The number of acetylcholine molecules in a quantum and the interaction between quanta at the subsynaptic membrane of the skeletal neuromuscular synapse. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 40, 176‑186 (1975). Hartzell, H.C., S.W. Kuffler & D. Yoshikami. Postsynaptic potentiation: interaction between quanta of acetylcholine at the skeletal neuromuscular synapse. Journal of Physiology 251, 427‑463 (1975). Burden, S.J., H.C. Hartzell & D. Yoshikami. Acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular synapses: phylogenetic differences detected by snake alpha‑neurotoxins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72, 3245‑3249 (1975). Fambrough, D.M., H.C. Hartzell, J.A. Powell, J.E. Rash & N. Joseph. On the differentiation and organization of the surface membrane of a postsynaptic cell ‑ the skeletal muscle fiber. In Synaptic Transmission and Neuronal Interaction. M.V.L. Bennett, ed. Raven Press (1974). Fambrough, D.M., H.C. Hartzell, J.E. Rash & A.K. Ritchie. Receptor properties of developing muscle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 228, 47‑62 (1974). Hartzell, H.C. & D.M. Fambrough. Acetylcholine receptor production and incorporation into membranes of developing muscle fibers. Developmental Biology 30, 153‑165 (1973). Hartzell, H.C. & D.M. Fambrough. Acetylcholine receptors: distribution and extrajunctional density in rat diaphragm after denervation correlated with acetylcholine sensitivity. Journal of General Physiology 60, 248‑262 (1972). pdf Fambrough, D.M. & H.C. Hartzell. Acetylcholine receptors: number and distribution at neuromuscular junctions in rat diaphragm. Science 176, 189‑191 (1972).